Caldonians

Caldonians are a tall species of humanoids with distinctive large heads circumscribed by a cranial ridge. They are a people with a great scientific bent, one that began to take precedence over other portions of their society. With the acquisition of spaceflight, that penchant became a full-blown way of government. Arising from the planet Caldonia, within the Federation's Klingon Border Zone, the nearby presence of the Federation and Starfleet no doubt had much to do with the Caldonians escaping Klingon expansionism long enough to establish a new society.

Pseudoscience Cults
Because the scientific is political within the system of the Caldonians, much defiance against the Directorate came in the manner of "pseudoscience cults". These were based around some manner of scientific expression - for varying values of scientific - that ran against the orthodoxy. Sometimes, this was legitimate work being suppressed to avoid embarrassing high-ranking officials. But more often it was pseudoscience making use of the perceived hidebound nature of the Caldonian government to rally supporters.